Ranitidine is a commonly used drug, classified as a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, and belongs to the same drug class as cimetidine and famotidine. This drug helps to prevent and treat gastric-acid associated conditions, including ulcers, because of its ability to decrease gastric acid secretion.^2,11 Ranitidine is often referred to as Zantac, and is available in various forms, including tablet, injection, and effervescent tablet preparations.^11,14

The prevalence of GERD is thought to be 10-20% in western countries.⁴ Ranitidine has proven to be an effective treatment for relieving uncomfortable symptoms of gastric acid associated conditions and is therefore widely used in GERD and other gastric-acid related conditions.^5,11 ****

Remifentanil (marketed by Abbott as Ultiva) is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid given to patients during surgery for pain relief and adjunctive to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is a specific mu-type-opioid receptor agonist which means it reduces sympathetic nervous system tone, and causes respiratory depression and analgesia. ****

Rocuronium (rapid onset-curonium) is a desacetoxy analogue of vecuronium with a more rapid onset of action. It is an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker or muscle relaxant used in modern anaesthesia, to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. Introduced in 1994, rocuronium has rapid onset, and intermediate duration of action. It is commonly marketed under the trade names Zemuron and Esmeron. The drug is associated with the risk of developing allergic reactions in some high-risk patients, such as those with asthma. However, there was a similar incidence of allergic reactions associated with other non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. Sugammadex is a γ-cyclodextrin derivative that has been introduced as a novel agent to reverse the action of rocuronium. ****

Ropivacaine is an aminoamide local anesthetic drug marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Naropin. It exists as a racemate of its S- and R-enantiomers, although the marketed form is supplied only as the purified S-enantiomer.² ****

Semaglutide is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by mimicking the action of the hormone GLP-1, which increases insulin secretion and decreases glucose production in the liver.*

Sodium bicarbonate is a compound used for the symptomatic treatment of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach as well as the treatment of metabolic acidosis associated with conditions such as severe renal disease and circulatory insufficiency due to shock. ****

Sodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt or halite, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. Sodium chloride is the primary salt in seawater and in the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. It is listed on the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines. ****

Succinylcholine is a depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant consisting of two molecules of the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) linked by their acetyl groups.² It has been widely used for over 50 years,¹ most commonly in its chloride salt form, as a means of neuromuscular blockade during intubation and surgical procedures. Its rapid onset and offset, with effects beginning within 60 seconds of intravenous administration and lasting between four to six minutes, make succinylcholine particularly useful in the setting of short medical procedures requiring brief periods of muscle relaxation.⁹ ****

Sufentanil is an opioid used to induce and maintain anesthesia, to act as an analgesic in labor and delivery, and to treat severe, acute pain. ****

Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic used in a wide variety of superficial and invasive procedures. ****

Ropivacaine is an amide-type local anesthetic used for local or regional anesthesia during surgery and for short-term management of acute pain. ****

Sugammadex is a medication used to reverse the effects of certain muscle relaxants used during surgery. It works by binding to the muscle relaxants and preventing them from affecting the muscles.*

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive medication used to prevent organ rejection after a transplant. It works by inhibiting the activity of T-cells, which are part of the immune system.*

Tazobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor used in combination with other antibiotics, such as piperacillin, to treat bacterial infections. It works by preventing bacteria from breaking down the antibiotics.*

Terbutaline is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and to prevent premature labor. ****

This combination of testosterone and anastrozole is used in hormone therapy, particularly for treating conditions such as low testosterone levels and certain types of breast cancer.*

Tetracaine is a local anaesthetic agent used to induce local analgesia in the eyes and skin during medical procedures. ****

A methylxanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Mechanistically, theophylline acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, adenosine receptor blocker, and histone deacetylase activator. Theophylline is marketed under several brand names such as Uniphyl and Theochron, and it is indicated mainly for asthma, bronchospasm, and COPD. ****

Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a colorless compound with the chemical formula C12H17N4OS. It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Thiamine decomposes if heated. Thiamine was first discovered by Umetaro Suzuki in Japan when researching how rice bran cured patients of Beriberi. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and it is thought that thiamine inhibits the effect of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine plays an important role in helping the body convert carbohydrates and fat into energy. It is essential for normal growth and development and helps to maintain proper functioning of the heart and the nervous and digestive systems. Thiamine cannot be stored in the body; however, once absorbed, the vitamin is concentrated in muscle tissue. ****

Tirzepatide is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by mimicking the action of the hormones GLP-1 and GIP, which increase insulin secretion and decrease glucose production in the liver.*

Tranexamic acid is a medication used to treat or prevent excessive bleeding by inhibiting the breakdown of blood clots. It is commonly used in surgeries and for conditions such as heavy menstrual bleeding.*

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe but susceptible bacterial infections such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections. ****

Vecuronium is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used to relax muscles or as an adjunct in general anesthesia during surgical procedures. ****

Vasopressin is a peptide hormone used to increase blood pressure in patients with vasodilatory shock who are resistant to fluid and catecholamine therapy. ****

Zaltrap, also known as aflibercept, is a medication used to treat certain types of cancer by inhibiting the growth of blood vessels that feed tumors. It is often used in combination with other cancer treatments.*